What this Blog is about?
This blog will give you brief information about the preparation of entrance exams in chemistry that you can take for your higher educatio...
Friday, September 21, 2018
Thursday, September 20, 2018
Sunday, September 16, 2018
What is the Age Limit for the GATE Exam?
There is no age limit for the GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) exam.
What is the Age Limit for the CSIR-SRF Exam?
The upper age limit for applying for the award of SRF shall be 32 years. The upper age limit is relaxable upto 5 years in case of candidates belonging to scheduled castes/Scheduled Tribes/OBC, physically handicapped and female applicants.
What is the Age Limit for the CSIR-JRF Exam?
The upper age limit for applying for the award of JRF shall be 28 years, which is relaxed upto 5 years in the case of candidates belonging to Schedule Castes/Schedule Tribes/OBC, Physically Handicapped/Visually Handicapped and female applicants.
What is the Eligibility Criteria for the CSIR-JRF/NET/LS Exam?
A large number of JRFs are awarded each year by CSIR to candidates holding BS-4 years program/BE/B. Tech/B. Pharma/MBBS/ Integrated BS-MS/M.Sc. or Equivalent degree/BSc (Hons) or equivalent degree holders or students enrolled in integrated MS-Ph.D program with at least 55% marks for General & OBC (50% for SC/ST candidates, Physically and Visually handicapped candidates) after qualifying the National Eligibility Test (NET) conducted by CSIR twice a year June and December.
Candidates with bachelor’s degree, whether Science, engineering or any other discipline, will be eligible for fellowship only after getting registered/enrolled for Ph.D/integrated Ph.D. programme within the validity period of two years.
Candidate enrolled for M.Sc. or having completed 10+2+3 years of the above qualifying examination are also eligible to apply in the above subject under the Result Awaited (RA) category.
What is the Eligibility Criteria For IIT JAM Exam?
The candidates who qualify in IIT-JAM will have to fulfill the following Eligibility Requirement (ER) for admissions in IISc, IITs, IISER, NISER, NITs, etc.
(1) All candidates admitted through IIT-JAM must have a Bachelor's degree.
(2) In the qualifying degree, the aggregate marks or CGPA without rounding-off (taking into account all subjects, including languages and subsidiaries, all years combined) should be at least 55% or 5.5 out of 10 for General or OBC (NCL) category candidates and 50% or 5.0 out of 10 for SC/ST and PwD category candidates.
What is the difference between CSIR-JRF and CSIR-SRF?
What is the difference between CBSE UGC-NET and CSIR UGC-NET Exam?
Both CBSE UGC-NET and CSIR UGC-NET are National level
entrance exams. They are similar, but the main differences between them are in
the subjects and the body conducting the exams. CSIR UGC-NET is conducted by
CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) which comes under Human
Resource Development Government of India (HRDG). And, CBSE UGC-NET is conducted
by UGC (University Grant Commission) and CBSE (Central Board of Secondary
Education).
What is the IIT JAM-Chemistry (CY) Syllabus?
IIT JAM (Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.)
Syllabus for Chemistry (CY)
Part (A):- Inorganic Chemistry
(1) Periodic Table:- Periodic classification of elements and periodicity in properties; general methods of isolation and purification of elements.
(2) Chemical Bonding and Shapes of Compounds:- Types of bonding; VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules; hybridization; dipole moment; ionic solids; structure of NaCl, CsCl, diamond and graphite; lattice energy.
(3) Main Group Elements (s and p blocks):- General concepts on group relationships and gradation in properties; structure of electron deficient compounds involving main group elements.
(4) Transition Metals (d block):- Characteristics of 3d elements; oxide, hydroxide and salts of first row metals; coordination complexes: structure, isomerism, reaction mechanism and electronic spectra; VB, MO and Crystal Field theoretical approaches for structure, color and magnetic properties of metal complexes; organometallic compounds having ligands with back bonding capabilities such as metal carbonyls, carbenes, nitrosyls and metallocenes; homogenous catalysis.
(5) Bioinorganic Chemistry:- Essentials and trace elements of life; basic reactions in the biological systems and the role of metal ions, especially Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+; structure and function of hemoglobin and myoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.
(6) Instrumental Methods of Analysis:- Basic principles; instrumentations and simple applications of conductometry, potentiometry and UV-vis spectrophotometry; analysis of water, air and soil samples.
(7) Analytical Chemistry:- Principles of qualitative and quantitative analysis; acid-base, oxidation-reduction and complexometric titrations using EDTA; precipitation reactions; use of indicators; use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis; radioactivity; nuclear reactions; applications of isotopes.
Part (B):- Organic Chemistry
(1) Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry and Stereochemistry:- Electronic effects (resonance, inductive, hyperconjugation) and steric effects and its applications (acid/base property); optical isomerism in compounds with and without any stereocenters (allenes, biphenyls); conformation of acyclic systems (substituted ethane/n-propane/n-butane) and cyclic systems (mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes).
(2) Organic Reaction Mechanism and Synthetic Applications:- Chemistry of reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, benzynes etc.), Hofmann-Curtius-Lossen rearrangement, Wolff rearrangement, Simmons-Smith reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Michael reaction, Darzens reaction, Wittig reaction and McMurry reaction; Pinacol-pinacolone, Favorskii, benzilic acid rearrangement, dienone-phenol rearrangement, Baeyer-Villeger reaction; oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry; organometallic reagents in organic synthesis (Grignard, organolithium and organocopper); Diels-Alder, electrocyclic and sigmatropic reactions; functional group inter-conversions and structural problems using chemical reactions.
(3) Qualitative Organic Analysis:- Identification of functional groups by chemical tests; elementary UV, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques as tools for structural elucidation.
(4) Natural Products Chemistry:- Chemistry of alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and nucleic acids.
(5) Aromatic and Heterocyclic Chemistry:- Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and monocyclic compounds with one hetero atom: synthesis, reactivity and properties.
Part (C):- Physical Chemistry
(1) Basic Mathematical Concepts: Functions; maxima and minima; integrals; ordinary differential equations; vectors and matrices; determinants; elementary statistics and probability theory.
(2) Atomic and Molecular Structure:- Fundamental particles; Bohr's theory of hydrogen-like atom; wave-particle duality; uncertainty principle; Schrodinger's wave equation; quantum numbers; shapes of orbitals; Hund's rule and Pauli's exclusion principle; electronic configuration of simple homonuclear diatomic molecules.
(3) Theory of Gases:- Equation of state for ideal and non-ideal (van der Waals) gases; Kinetic theory of gases; Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law; equipartition of energy.
(4) Solid state:- Crystals and crystal systems; X-rays; NaCl and KCl structures; close packing; atomic and ionic radii; radius ratio rules; lattice energy; Born-Haber cycle; isomorphism; heat capacity of solids.
(5) Chemical Thermodynamics:- Reversible and irreversible processes; first law and its application to ideal and nonideal gases; thermochemistry; second law; entropy and free energy; criteria for spontaneity.
(6) Chemical and Phase Equilibria:- Law of mass action; Kp, Kc, Kx and Kn; effect of temperature on K; ionic equilibria in solutions; pH and buffer solutions; hydrolysis; solubility product; phase equilibria-phase rule and its application to one-component and two-component systems; colligative properties.
(7) Electrochemistry:- Conductance and its applications; transport number; galvanic cells; EMF and free energy; concentration cells with and without transport; polarography; concentration cells with and without transport; Debey-Huckel-Onsagar theory of strong electrolytes.
(8) Chemical Kinetics:- Reactions of various order; Arrhenius equation; collision theory; transition state theory; chain reactions - normal and branched; enzyme kinetics; photochemical processes; catalysis.
(9) Adsorption:- Gibbs adsorption equation; adsorption isotherm; types of adsorption; surface area of adsorbents; surface films on liquids.
(10) Spectroscopy:- Beer-Lambert law; fundamental concepts of rotational, vibrational, electronic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
What is the GATE-Chemistry (CY) Syllabus?
GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering)- Chemistry (CY) Syllabus
Part (A):- Inorganic Chemistry
(1) Main Group Elements:- Hydrides, halides, oxides, oxoacids, nitrides, sulfides - shapes and
reactivity. Structure and bonding of boranes, carboranes, silicones, silicates, boron nitride,
borazines and phosphazenes. Allotropes of carbon. Chemistry of noble gases,
pseudohalogens, and interhalogen compounds. Acid-base concepts.
(2) Transition Elements:- Coordination chemistry - structure and isomerism, theories of bonding
(VBT, CFT, and MOT). Energy level diagrams in various crystal fields, CFSE, applications of
CFT, Jahn-Teller distortion. Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes: spectroscopic
term symbols, selection rules, Orgel diagrams, charge-transfer spectra. Magnetic
properties of transition metal complexes. Reaction mechanisms: kinetic and
thermodynamic stability, substitution and redox reactions.
(3) Lanthanides and Actinides:- Recovery. Periodic properties, spectra and magnetic
properties.
(4) Organometallics:- 18-Electron rule; metal-alkyl, metal-carbonyl, metal-olefin and metalcarbene
complexes and metallocenes. Fluxionality in organometallic complexes. Types of
organometallic reactions. Homogeneous catalysis - Hydrogenation, hydroformylation,
acetic acid synthesis, metathesis and olefin oxidation. Heterogeneous catalysis - FischerTropsch
reaction, Ziegler-Natta polymerization.
(5) Radioactivity:- Decay processes, half-life of radioactive elements, fission and fusion
processes.
(6) Bioinorganic Chemistry:- Ion (Na+ and K+) transport, oxygen binding, transport and
utilization, electron transfer reactions, nitrogen fixation, metalloenzymes containing
magnesium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc.
(7) Solids:- Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects, Bragg’s
law, ionic crystals, structures of AX, AX2, ABX3 type compounds, spinels, band theory,
metals and semiconductors.
(8) Instrumental Methods of Analysis:- UV-visible spectrophotometry, NMR and ESR
spectroscopy, mass spectrometry. Chromatography including GC and HPLC.
Electroanalytical methods- polarography, cyclic voltammetry, ion-selective electrodes.
Thermoanalytical methods.
Part (B):- Organic Chemistry
(1) Stereochemistry:- Chirality of organic molecules with or without chiral centres and
determination of their absolute configurations. Relative stereochemistry in compounds
having more than one stereogenic centre. Homotopic, enantiotopic and diastereotopic
atoms, groups and faces. Stereoselective and stereospecific synthesis. Conformational
analysis of acyclic and cyclic compounds. Geometrical isomerism. Configurational and
conformational effects, and neighbouring group participation on reactivity and
selectivity/specificity.
(2) Reaction Mechanisms:- Basic mechanistic concepts - kinetic versus thermodynamic
control, Hammond’s postulate and Curtin-Hammett principle. Methods of determining
reaction mechanisms through identification of products, intermediates and isotopic
labeling. Nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions (both aromatic and
aliphatic). Addition reactions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (N,O) multiple
bonds. Elimination reactions. Reactive intermediates - carbocations, carbanions,
carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and free radicals. Molecular rearrangements involving electron
deficient atoms.
(3) Organic Synthesis:- Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following
classes of compounds - alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg,
Li, Cu, B, Zn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis. Carbon-carbon bond formation
through coupling reactions - Heck, Suzuki, Stille and Sonogoshira. Concepts of multistep
synthesis - retrosynthetic analysis, strategic disconnections, synthons and synthetic
equivalents. Umpolung reactivity - formyl and acyl anion equivalents. Selectivity in
organic synthesis - chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. Protection and deprotection of
functional groups. Concepts of asymmetric synthesis - resolution (including enzymatic),
desymmetrization and use of chiral auxilliaries. Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silyl enol ethers. Michael
addition reaction. Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram and Felkin-Anh models).
(4) Pericyclic Reactions and Photochemistry:- Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic
reactions. Orbital correlations - FMO and PMO treatments. Photochemistry of alkenes,
arenes and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and photoreduction. Di-π-methane
rearrangement, Barton reaction.
(5) Heterocyclic Compounds:- Structure, preparation, properties and reactions of furan,
pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.
(6) Biomolecules:- Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and di-saccharides,
physicochemical properties of amino acids, chemical synthesis of peptides, structural
features of proteins, nucleic acids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids.
(7) Spectroscopy:- Applications of UV-visible, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry in the structural
determination of organic molecules.
Part (C):- Physical Chemistry
(1) Structure:- Postulates of quantum mechanics. Time dependent and time independent
Schrödinger equations. Born interpretation. Particle in a box. Harmonic oscillator. Rigid
rotor. Hydrogen atom: atomic orbitals. Multi-electron atoms: orbital approximation.
Variation and first order perturbation techniques. Chemical bonding: Valence bond
theory and LCAO-MO theory. Hybrid orbitals. Applications of LCAO-MOT to H2+, H2 and
other homonuclear diatomic molecules, heteronuclear diatomic molecules like HF, CO,
NO, and to simple delocalized π - electron systems. Hückel approximation and its
application to annular π - electron systems. Symmetry elements and operations. Point
groups and character tables. Origin of selection rules for rotational, vibrational, electronic
and Raman spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Einstein coefficients.
Relationship of transition moment integral with molar extinction coefficient and oscillator
strength. Basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance: nuclear g factor, chemical shift,
nuclear coupling.
(2) Equilibrium:- Laws of thermodynamics. Standard states. Thermochemistry. Thermodynamic
functions and their relationships: Gibbs-Helmholtz and Maxwell relations, van’t Hoff
equation. Criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Absolute entropy. Partial molar
quantities. Thermodynamics of mixing. Chemical potential. Fugacity, activity and activity
coefficients. Chemical equilibria. Dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature
and pressure. Non-ideal solutions. Ionic mobility and conductivity. Debye-Hückel limiting
law. Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation. Standard electrode potentials and
electrochemical cells. Potentiometric and conductometric titrations. Phase rule. ClausiusClapeyron
equation. Phase diagram of one component systems: CO2, H2O, S; two
component systems: liquid-vapour, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid systems. Fractional
distillation. Azeotropes and eutectics. Statistical thermodynamics: microcanonical and
canonical ensembles, Boltzmann distribution, partition functions and thermodynamic
properties.
(3) Kinetics:- Transition state theory: Eyring equation, thermodynamic aspects. Potential
energy surfaces and classical trajectories. Elementary, parallel, opposing and consecutive
reactions. Steady state approximation. Mechanisms of complex reactions. Unimolecular
reactions. Kinetics of polymerization and enzyme catalysis. Fast reaction kinetics:
relaxation and flow methods. Kinetics of photochemical and photophysical processes.
(4) Surfaces and Interfaces:- Physisorption and chemisorption. Langmuir, Freundlich and BET
isotherms. Surface catalysis: Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Surface tension, viscosity.
Self-assembly. Physical chemistry of colloids, micelles and macromolecules.
What is the CSIR-NET Chemical Sciences Syllabus?
CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research
Fellowship and Lecturer-ship
Syllabus for Chemical Sciences
Inorganic Chemistry:-
(1) Chemical periodicity
(2) Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of
molecules.
(3) Concepts of acids and bases.
(4) Chemistry of the main group elements and their compounds. Allotropy, synthesis,
bonding and structure.
(5) Chemistry of transition elements and coordination compounds - bonding theories,
spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms.
(6) Inner transition elements - spectral and magnetic properties, analytical
applications.
(7) Organometallic compounds - synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity.
Organometallics in homogenous catalysis.
(8) Cages and metal clusters.
(9) Analytical chemistry- separation techniques. Spectroscopic electro- and
thermoanalytical methods.
(10) Bioinorganic chemistry - photosystems, porphyrines, metalloenzymes, oxygen
transport, electron- transfer reactions, nitrogen fixation.
(11) Physical characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR,
Mössbauer, UV-, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.
(12) Nuclear chemistry - nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical
techniques and activation analysis.
Organic Chemistry:-
(1) IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
(2) Principles of stereochemistry, conformational analysis, isomerism and chirality.
(3) Reactive intermediates and organic reaction mechanisms.
(4) Concepts of aromaticity.
(5) Pericyclic reactions.
(6) Named reactions.
(7) Transformations and rearrangements.
(8) Principles and applications of organic photochemistry. Free radical reactions.
(9) Reactions involving nucleophotic carbon intermediates.
(10) Oxidation and reduction of functional groups.
(11) Common reagents (organic, inorganic and organometallic) in organic synthesis.
(12) Chemistry of natural products such as steroids, alkaloids, terpenes, peptides,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids.
(13) Selective organic transformations - chemoselectivity, regioselectivity,
stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity. Protecting groups.
(14) Chemistry of aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic compounds.
(15) Physical characterisation of organic compounds by IR, UV-, MS, and NMR.
Physical Chemistry:-
(1) Basic principles and applications of quantum mechanics - hydrogen atom,
angular momentum.
(2) Variational and perturbational methods.
(3) Basics of atomic structure, electronic configuration, shapes of orbitals, hydrogen
atom spectra.
(4) Theoretical treatment of atomic structures and chemical bonding.
(5) Chemical applications of group theory.
(6) Basic principles and application of spectroscopy - rotational, vibrational,
electronic, Raman, ESR, NMR.
(7) Chemical thermodynamics.
(8) Phase equilibria.
(9) Statistical thermodynamics.
(10) Chemical equilibria.
(11) Electrochemistry - Nernst equation, electrode kinetics, electrical double layer,
Debye-Hückel theory.
(12) Chemical kinetics - empirical rate laws, Arrhenius equation, theories of reaction
rates, determination of reaction mechanisms, experimental techniques
for fast reactions.
(13) Concepts of catalysis.
(14) Polymer chemistry. Molecular weights and their determinations. Kinetics of
chain polymerization.
(15) Solids - structural classification of binary and ternary compounds, diffraction
techniques, bonding, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties
(16) Collids and surface phenomena.
(17) Data analysis.
Interdisciplinary topics:-
(1) Chemistry in nanoscience and technology.
(2) Catalysis and green chemistry.
(3) Medicinal chemistry.
(4) Supramolecular chemistry.
(5) Environmental chemistry.
What is the GATE Exam?
GATE (Graduate
Aptitude Test in Engineering) is the
National level entrance exam conduction for admission to M.Tech., Ph.D., etc.
in the National institutes like IISc, IITs, IISERs, NISER, NITs, various
central and state universities. GATE exam is conducted by IISc (Indian
Institute of Sciences) and IITs (Indian Institute of Technologies) every year.
GATE exam is organized by Human Resource Development Group (HRDG).
What is the CSIR-NET/JRF/LS and UGC-NET Exam?
NET (National
Eligibility Test) is the National level exam
which is conducted by both CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research) and UGC (University Grant Commission). CSIR conducts the exam twice (every 6 month) in a year.
CSIR and UGC both provide Rs. 25,000 + 30% HRA (House Rent Allowance) per month
as fellowship for upto 2.0 years and Rs. 28,000 Rs. + 30% HRA per month after
the second year for up to 2 more years. It can be extended to one more year. This
can be availed on joining Ph.D programme in all the National institutions like
IISc, IITs, IISERs, NISER, CSIR-Labs, NITs, etc. CSIR is set up by Human
Resource Development Group (HRDG), and provides the various grants,
fellowships, schemes, etc. CSIR provides the CSIR-JRF or UGC-JRF or CSIR-NET or
CSIR-LS on the basis of the marks and rank obtained by the students in the
CSIR-NET exam. After qualification of CSIR-NET, anyone can apply for Ph.D. in
different National institutions like IISc, IITs, IISERs, NISER, CSIR-Labs,
NITs, DRDO, JNCASR, all central universities, all state universities, etc. to establish
his/her future in the academics, science, etc. In this Ph.D. programme, the
fellowship will be provided for up to 5.0 years only.
Saturday, September 15, 2018
What is the IIT JAM Exam?
This is "Joint Admission Test for M.Sc." (JAM) which has been conducted by different IITs every year at
national level, since 2004. This entrance exam provide the admissions to M.Sc.
(Four Semesters), M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree, etc. at the all the IITs and
Integrated Ph.D. Degree programme at IISc, IISERs, NISER, etc. provide a career
in the field of science (Research). All these national level institutions
provide high quality of education and research which is comparable to the best
in the world. Students from these institutions can develop their academic life,
professional life, as scientists etc.
What this Blog is about?
This blog
will give you brief information about the preparation of entrance exams in
chemistry that you can take for your higher education in India in institutions like IIT-JAM, GATE and CSIR-NET/LS,
TIFR, JNCASR, DRDO, ISM, BHU, IGNOU, ONGC, Geochemist, PMT/CPMT, JEE (Mains +
Advanced).
Institutions where these entrance exams are required:-
(1) IISc
(2) IITs
(3) IISERs
(4) IIEST
(5) CSIR-Labs
(6) NISER
(7) NITs
(8) TIFR
(9) ISM
(10) JNCASR
(11) ONGC
(12) Geochemist
(13) DRDO
(14) BHU
(15) ICT Mumbai
(16) IGNOU
(17) NEET
(18) PMT/CPMT
(19) JEE Mains + Advanced
(20) All Central Universities
(21) All State Universities
(22) UPTU/AKTU/UPSEE
(23) SET
(24) SLET
(25)TGT/PGT
(26) IES
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